Dr Byron J. Bailey: The Life and Legacy of an Educator, Humanitarian, and Leader.

Dr Byron J. Bailey, a preeminent figure in the field of Otolaryngology, exemplified an unwavering commitment to patient care, resident education, research excellence, and humanitarian endeavors throughout his illustrious career. Born in 1934, Dr Bailey played a pivotal role in the growth and success of the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Texas Medical Branch. A dedicated educator and researcher, he authored groundbreaking research and the seminal textbook, Bailey's Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology. His leadership in major organizations and commitment to research integrity and quality are hallmarks of his career. Dr Bailey's philanthropic pursuits include improving Otolaryngology care and access in Vietnam and Cuba, and local community efforts in Galveston, Texas. His enduring legacy continues to inspire future generations of Otolaryngologists, serving as a testament to the power of perseverance and dedication to excellence in the pursuit of medical education.

Viral voices: A multi-platform analysis of tonsillectomy on social media.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of social media platforms, including TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook, in shaping public perceptions about tonsillectomies and to identify the nature of the content disseminated on these platforms. METHODS: A comprehensive analysis of 1482 relevant social media posts related to tonsillectomies was conducted across major platforms, including TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook. Content was categorized based on author, topic of the post, timeframe, and overall tone. The study also compared engagement metrics across platforms. RESULTS: TikTok emerged as the most engaging platform with a mean of 3272.8 likes per post. Patients drove 61.6 % of the discourse, with 63.9 % of discussions being lifestyle oriented. Educational content constituted 12.5 % of the overall discourse. Sentiments towards the procedure were almost evenly split, with 29.4 % positive and 28.5 % negative; 92 % of the negative posts were authored by patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients were the most common social media authors, driving the conversation and a significant portion expressing negative views. Physicians, conversely, showed a low level of social media engagement. By understanding and addressing online narratives, clinicians can offer more informed patient support, debunk myths, and provide empathetic insights, ensuring positive patient experiences in the era of digital health communication.

Beyond Hypoglossal Hype: Social Media Perspectives on the Inspire Upper Airway Stimulation System.

In the landscape of sleep surgery, the Inspire® Upper Airway Stimulation (UAS) device has gained prominence as an increasingly popular treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea, prompting significant discourse across social media platforms. This study explores the social media narrative of the UAS device, particularly the nature of multimedia content, author demographics, and audience engagement on Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok. Our analysis encompassed 423 public posts, revealing images (67.4%) and videos (28.1%) as the dominant content types, with over a third of posts authored by physicians. A notable 40% of posts were advertisements, whereas patient experiences comprised 34.5%. TikTok, although presenting a smaller sample size, showed a substantially higher engagement rate, with posts averaging 152.9 likes, compared with Instagram and Facebook at 32.7 and 41.2 likes, respectively. The findings underscore the need for otolaryngologists and healthcare professionals to provide clear, evidence-based information on digital platforms. Given social media's expanding role in healthcare, medical professionals must foster digital literacy and safeguard the accuracy of health information online. In this study, we concluded that maintaining an evidence-based, transparent digital dialogue for medical innovations such as the UAS device necessitates collaborative efforts among physicians, health institutions, and technology companies.

A social media analysis examining new-age devices of the rhinology industry.

KEY POINTS: We analyzed social media posts on Facebook and Instagram discussing new rhinologic devices. Patient posts are a valuable source of patient perspective regarding rhinologic procedures. The majority of posts are by physicians giving information and advertising these new procedures.

Laryngectomy: Social media analysis of patient perception.

BACKGROUND: Social media continues to grow as a relevant information source for the lay public and medical professionals. METHODS: A search of posts on Facebook and Instagram was conducted using the hashtag #laryngectomy. Posts were categorized based upon perspective, media type, timeframe, topic, tone, and popularity. RESULTS: Final analysis included 929 Instagram posts and 355 Facebook posts. Most Facebook posts were made by companies (38%) and physicians (17%) with information (30%) and advertisements (22%) being common topics. Patients (40%) were the largest group of Instagram authors with lifestyle (39%) being the most common topic. Greater than 90% of posts were either neutral or positive in tone across both platforms. CONCLUSIONS: Patient perspective was most commonly represented on Instagram, whereas Facebook more commonly included posts by physicians and companies. The majority of posts carried a neutral or positive tone, which is consistent with positive quality of life patients have shown postoperatively.

Social Media Depictions of Cochlear Implants: An Instagram and TikTok Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify populations of authors who post about cochlear implants (CIs) on Instagram and TikTok, to illustrate the content of these posts, and to elucidate factors that might help surgeons better educate CI patients. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study. SETTING: Instagram and TikTok social media platforms. PATIENTS: All public social media posts identified with the search terms below. Posts were excluded if unrelated to CIs or if written in a non-English language. INTERVENTION: Instagram and TikTok were searched for posts from March 2021 through September 2021 with the search terms #cochlearimplant, #cochlearimplants, #cochlearimplantkids, #cochlearkids, and #cochlearfamily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Posts were subclassified and analyzed for content including topics of posts, authorship, timeframe of posts, depiction of CIs, and popularity. RESULTS: Of 1,942 posts included in the final analysis, 1,400 were found on Instagram and 542 on TikTok. Authors were mostly patients (n = 771, 39.7%), companies (n = 568, 29.2%), and patients' family members (n = 482, 24.8%). Only 21 posts were made by physicians (1.1%). Out of 379 total educational posts examined, patients themselves were the most common authors (n = 219, 57.8%) followed by patients' family members (n = 139, 36.7%). Physicians authored only a small fraction of all educational posts (n = 19, 5.0%). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed minimal physician involvement in the CI social media spheres of Instagram and TikTok. In addition, there were few educational posts on either platform, revealing ample opportunity for physicians to become more involved with CI social media.

Transradial embolization of a life-threatening tooth extraction socket hemorrhage and pseudoaneurysm.

Embolization of oral hemorrhages due to tooth extraction, although rare, has been previously described.1-4 In this video we present a unique case in which a life-threatening tooth extraction hemorrhage was incontrollable with local compression or surgical cauterization. The patient underwent emergent transradial coil embolization5 of the posterior lateral nasal branches of the sphenopalatine artery. However, the patient returned 11 days later with a lower volume bleed at the original site. Computed tomography angiography showed a pseudoaneurysm at the orthognathic surgery crater retrogradely recanalized through the greater palatine arcade. Surgical options were deemed too invasive, and the decision was made to attempt percutaneous direct puncture embolization. This was unsuccessful and repeat embolization with Onyx was performed through the contralateral greater palatine artery. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms.

Surgeon Preference on Sending Routine Tonsillectomy Specimens for Pathological Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the presence of a growing body of literature suggesting cost-ineffectiveness of routine pathologic analysis of tonsillectomy specimens, little is known about common institutional policies and practice patterns of pediatric otolaryngologists. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of routine pathological evaluation of tonsillectomy specimens for uncomplicated pediatric adenotonsillectomy procedures and to evaluate opinions regarding this controversy among board-certified pediatric otolaryngologists. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study sent to board-certified pediatric otolaryngologists currently practicing and registered with the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) assessing their institutions' or practices' current policies on sending routine tonsillectomy specimens for pathology, their experience with this practice, and their opinions on whether routine pathologic analysis should be employed. Basic statistical analysis was then conducted. RESULTS: Respondents mostly practiced in an academic setting (68.4%), with the next most common being academically affiliated private practice (21.8%), and private practice was the least common (9.8%). Most respondents (85.1%) did not agree with routine pathologic analysis of otherwise uncomplicated pediatric tonsillectomy specimens. CONCLUSION: Most pediatric otolaryngologists who responded to this survey do not support routine pathological analysis of otherwise uncomplicated pediatric tonsillectomy specimens. However, the results are likely biased and should be interpreted carefully, since only a small percentage of pediatric otolaryngologists responded to the survey. Potential cost savings could be seen by patients, payers, and hospital systems with judicious use of surgical pathology, specifically in cases with concurrent signs or symptoms suspicious for malignancy.

Surgical Management of Choanal Atresia: Two Classic Cases and Review of the Literature.

Choanal atresia is a rare congenital airway malformation that presents a unique surgical challenge for pediatric otolaryngologists. Here we report two classic cases of choanal atresia and examine the surgical approaches to this entity. The first case was a four-day-old female with a history of CHARGE syndrome and bilateral mixed membranous and bony choanal atresia confirmed by a CT scan. After undergoing transnasal endoscopic repair, choanal stents were placed for four weeks, and the patient was seen three months postoperatively and found to be doing well with no respiratory concerns. The second case involved a healthy three-year-old female presenting with unilateral combined membranous and bony atresia. Following successful endoscopic repair, she was seen at a three-month follow-up with no signs of restenosis. Additionally, a literature review was performed to evaluate updates since the 2012 Cochrane Review on surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia.

Misophonia: An Underrecognized Disease in Pediatric Patients.

Misophonia is a chronic condition in which patients experience a strong negative, emotional, or psychologic reaction to specific sounds. These sounds cause the individual to have a sudden, uncontrolled, and disproportionate negative reaction affecting their daily activities. The literature describes several cases of misophonia in the adult population; however, only 2 pediatric case studies are reported. Herein, we present 2 additional cases. An exaggerated response to an auditory stimulus is observed in other disorders such as tinnitus, hyperacusis, migraines, and many psychiatric disorders. Sound aversion has a broad differential diagnosis and may require visits to numerous specialists, placing strain on the patient and the healthcare system. Furthermore, misophonia is underdiagnosed in the pediatric population as it requires self-reporting of symptoms. The pathophysiology, prevalence, and treatment of misophonia continue to be relatively unknown. We attempt to highlight this rarely reported pediatric diagnosis and elaborate on its clinical presentation to increase awareness among otolaryngologists.

Trending Tubes: A Social Media Analysis of Tympanostomy Tubes in Children.

Objective: To investigate the popular social media platforms Instagram and Facebook for public posts related to tympanostomy tubes in children, to discern attitudes and perceptions surrounding tympanostomy tubes, and to evaluate the content of social media posts related to tympanostomy tubes. Study Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Instagram and Facebook social media platforms. Methods: Instagram and Facebook were searched for public posts from 2018 and 2019 including the search terms "ear tubes,""ear tube surgery,""tympanostomy," and "myringotomy." Posts were excluded if they were unrelated to pediatric tympanostomy tubes or written in a non-English language. Relevant posts underwent subgroup analysis based on 6 domains: media type, perspective, topic, timeframe, popularity, and overall tone. Results: Of 1862 public social media posts, the majority (78.2%) were made by the patient's parents/caregivers and the rest by physicians (6.0%), hospitals (8.2%), and chiropractors (6.1%), with a few posts by the patients themselves (0.4%). The majority (79.3%) of posts portrayed tympanostomy tubes positively. Most negative posts were made by chiropractors (50.8%) and the patient's parents/caregivers (42.9%). The most common themes of posts were reassurance regarding surgery (74.9%), advertisements (12.5%), apprehension (12.4%), and education (10.3%). Conclusion: Most social media posts were made by parents/caregivers in the perioperative period, and there was a low percentage of educational posts. This information could be used by otolaryngologists to optimize their interactions with patients and parents and to potentially increase physician involvement and educational material related to tympanostomy tubes on social media.

Synchronous tonsillar tumors with differing histopathology: A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. Bilateral tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (biTSCC) has a much lower incidence than unilateral TSCC and three main hypotheses of biTSCC pathogenesis prevail: field carcinogenesis, single-clone, and multiple HPV infections. CASE: A 49-year-old Male with a remote history of chewing tobacco presented with symptoms of spitting up tissue and occasional hemoptysis. Physical exam showed a sole left tonsillar mass which was confirmed to be TSCC on biopsy. The patient's computed tomographic (CT) scan was consistent with this finding; however, positron emission tomography (PET) scan indicated a second tumor in the contralateral right tonsil. Surgical resection of both masses and selective neck dissection was performed, and the specimens were sent for further pathological analysis. No complications of surgery were noted and the final diagnosis of synchronous biTSCC was made. The tumors were a T2N0M0 left poorly differentiated TSCC (p16+, EGFR+, bcl2+) with basaloid features, and a T1N0M0 right well to moderately differentiated TSCC (p16+, EGFR+, bcl2-). CONCLUSION: Our present case was notable for differing tumor pathology and karyotype analysis between the right and left masses, directly supporting the multiple HPV infections hypothesis of biTSCC pathogenesis. Further genetic characterization of tonsillar tumors is needed to better characterize TSCC and best guide medical/surgical therapy.

Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: A collision course of tumors.

Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the H&N are exceptionally rare. We present the case of combined p16 negative SCC and LCNEC of the oropharynx treated with combination chemotherapy. This is the third reported case of combined neuroendocrine carcinoma and SCC of the oropharynx.

Qualitative analysis of sinus surgery posts on popular social media platforms.

INTRODUCTION: Social media platforms are constantly evolving and expanding to new populations, exposing their users to various topics and serving as an informal educational resource. Medical ideas and topics are freely discussed online, making understanding of what is present on these platforms of particular importance to the practicing medical professional. In the field of otolaryngology, the public social media portrayal of sinus surgery has not been previously reported. METHODS: Social media posts using keywords related to sinus surgery on Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok were qualitatively analyzed and categorized based on media type, author, subject, timing, depiction, and popularity. RESULTS: The total number of posts included in final analysis was 1798, with a majority stemming from Instagram (68.5%), then Facebook (20.2%) and finally TikTok (11.3%). The most common type of media analyzed was images (69.0%) and patients were more often authors of posts (45.1%) as compared to physicians (34.8%). The subjects of the posts were nearly equally reassurance regarding surgery (41.3%) and educational or informational posts (38.8%) and were most commonly timed in the postoperative period (41.3%). Sinus surgery was depicted in a positive fashion most frequently (56.6%), notably compared against the negative portrayal at 3.2%. Negative posts most commonly cited postoperative pain or bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Most social media posts analyzed in this multi-platform study depicted sinus surgery in a positive fashion. Patients tended to post in the postoperative or perioperative period, whereas physicians tender to post intraoperative educational posts. Negative posts were most commonly centered around postoperative pain. Cautious interpretation of these results could be used for improving patient care and outreach in the digital age.

Bilateral Cervical Pilomatricoma: A Diagnostic Dilemma for the Pediatric Otolaryngologist.

Pilomatricomas are benign skin tumors often encountered by otolaryngologists but frequently misdiagnosed. Although they can occur at any age, they commonly present in children as a discolored superficial lesion adhered to the overlying skin. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management, which is surgical in most cases. Here, we present bilateral pilomatricomas mimicking features of several other diagnoses in a pediatric patient. The patient was successfully treated with surgical excision. This case presented a unique diagnostic challenge, as the lesions exhibited features of several common diagnoses. In general, surgical management of pilomatricoma is curative, and recurrence is rare.

Labial Frenotomy for Symptomatic Isolated Upper Lip Tie.

BACKGROUND: The benefits and challenges of successful breastfeeding for both mother and child have been well-established in the literature. While ankyloglossia, or tongue tie, alone or in combination with upper lip tie has been the focus of several previous studies, very few have directly addressed isolated symptomatic upper lip tie and the role of surgical correction for breastfeeding difficulties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven infants with isolated upper lip tie and breastfeeding difficulty were taken to the operating room for labial frenotomy. These infants were assessed at their follow-up visits for their degree of weight gain since their procedure. Their mothers were surveyed regarding their experiences with breastfeeding since the frenotomy was performed. RESULTS: In this article, we present seven infants with isolated upper lip tie and breastfeeding difficulty who were treated with labial frenotomy. Subsequently, these infants demonstrated improved weight gain, and all mothers reported increased ease of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate lip tie as an underrecognized cause of breastfeeding difficulty and suggest that labial frenotomy is an effective treatment in these patients. Larger-scale randomized controlled studies are necessary to further evaluate this topic.

Apnea-hypopnea index severity as an independent predictor of post-tonsillectomy respiratory complications in pediatric patients: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the presence of clinical practice guidelines for overnight admission of pediatric patients following adenotonsillectomy, variance in practice patterns exists between pediatric otolaryngologists. The purpose of this study is to examine severity of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) as an independent predictor of postoperative respiratory complications in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all children undergoing adenotonsillectomy at a large tertiary referral center between January 2015 and December 2019 who underwent preoperative polysomnography and were admitted for overnight observation. Charts were reviewed for total adverse events and respiratory events occurring during admission. RESULTS: Overall, respiratory events were seen in 50.6% of patients with AHI ≥10 and in 39.6% of patients with AHI <10. The overall mean AHI was 19.2, with a mean of 28.1 in the AHI ≥10 subgroup vs 4.6 in the AHI <10 subgroup. There was no statistical correlation or increased risk between an AHI ≥10 and having a pure respiratory event, with a relative risk of 1.19 (.77-1.83, P = .43). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean AHI of those with any adverse event and those without (21.6 vs 13.4, P = .008). There is additionally an increased risk of any event with an AHI over 10, with a relative risk of 1.51 (1.22-1.88, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative AHI of 10 events per hour was not a predictor of postoperative respiratory complications. However, there was a trend for those with a higher AHI requiring additional supportive measures or a prolonged stay. Practitioners should always use their best judgment in deciding whether a child warrants postoperative admission following adenotonsillectomy.

Retroperitoneal Hematoma as a Complication of Endovascular Embolization of Tumor Epistaxis: A Case Report.

Retroperitoneal hematomas are a rare and fatal complication of endovascular embolization. We report a case of an 89-year-old woman who was referred to interventional radiology for percutaneous embolization for intractable epistaxis as a result of a left nasal cavity mucosal melanoma. After successful embolization of the left sphenopalatine artery, the patient became hypotensive and was transferred to the intensive care unit. Post-operative CT abdomen and pelvis angiogram showed a large right perinephric hematoma, which is an extremely uncommon complication of endovascular embolization for epistaxis. Practitioners should be aware of this life-threatening complication in weighing the risks and benefits of embolization versus direct surgical ligation, and they should identify and intervene promptly if a retroperitoneal hematoma should occur.

Erratum: Author Correction: Forecasting cell fate during antibiotic exposure using stochastic gene expression.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0509-0.].

Forecasting cell fate during antibiotic exposure using stochastic gene expression.

Antibiotic killing does not occur at a single, precise time for all cells within a population. Variability in time to death can be caused by stochastic expression of genes, resulting in differences in endogenous stress-resistance levels between individual cells in a population. Here we investigate whether single-cell differences in gene expression prior to antibiotic exposure are related to cell survival times after antibiotic exposure for a range of genes of diverse function. We quantified the time to death of single cells under antibiotic exposure in combination with expression of reporters. For some reporters, including genes involved in stress response and cellular processes like metabolism, the time to cell death had a strong relationship with the initial expression level of the genes. Our results highlight the single-cell level non-uniformity of antibiotic killing and also provide examples of key genes where cell-to-cell variation in expression is strongly linked to extended durations of antibiotic survival.